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Instagram Kullanıcılarının Selfie Çekimleri ile Benlik Saygısı ve Narsisizm Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 24, 29 - 50, 01.07.2016
https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2016.3.002.x

Öz

Narsistik kişilik kavramı incelendiğinde, bireyin kendi bedensel ve psikolojik özelliklerine aşırı derecede hayran olması ve bireyin kendini aşırı derecede beğenmesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İletişim süreci içinde gelişen benlik kendilik , kavramı ile kendimizi bizim dışımızda kalanlardan ayırır, kendimize özel bir alan oluştururuz. Kişinin kendisiyle ilgili bütün düşünce ve duyguları benlik kavramı içindedir. Benlik saygısı ise, bireyin kendini, değerli, etkin ve başarılı hissetmesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Goffman’ın benlik sunumu teorisine göre, birbirini tanımayan kişiler birbirlerine birtakım bilgiler ileterek tanışırlar ve birbirleri hakkında belli izlenimler edinirler. Bu yazı çerçevsinde benlik ve narsizim tanımlanırken ‘narsizimin yeni dışa vurumlarından biri sosyal medya mıdır? Sorusu online narsizim ve benlik saygısı ölçeği uygulamalarının sonuçları ile sosyal ağ kullanım alışkanlıkları kapsamın da tarşılacak ve ilgili içerikle bağlantısı sorgulanmaya çalışılacaktır. Bu çalışma ile Türkiye’de instagram kullanan sosyal medya kullanıcılarının, selfie çekimleri ile benlik saygıları ve narsistik özellikleri arasındaki bağın ortaya konması hedeflenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın ortaya konulma amacı kişinin kendini sunduğu bir sosyal sunum ortamı olarak sosyal medya mecralarından instagram kullanıcılarının benlik saygisi ve narsisizm düzeyi arasindaki ilişkin incelenmesidir. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde SPSS paket programı kullanılmış, narsisizm ile benlik saygısı arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek için ‘’Pearson Korelasyon’’ analizi uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda, selfie paylaşımında bulunan instagram kullanıcılarının narsisizm skorları ve benlik saygıları arasında olumlu yönde orta düzeyde bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Yüksek benlik saygısı narsizmde yükselmeyi beraberinde getirmiş ve bu yükselme selfie çekim ile kendini sunma olarak ortaya konmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association Makes It Offical: ‘Selfie’ A Mental Disorder. (2014, March 31). The Adobo Chronicles. Retrieved from http://adobochronicles.com/2014/03/31/american-psychiatric-association-makes-itofficial-selfie-a-mental-disorder/
  • Ames, D. R., Rose, P. & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissim. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 440-450.
  • Araz, A. (1998). Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından Benlik Sunumu (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis). Ege University Institute of Social Sciences, İzmir, Turkey.
  • Atay, S. (2009). Narsist Kişilik Envanterinin Türkçeye Standardizasyonu. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 181-196.
  • Arkin, R. & Shepperd, J. (1990). Strategic self-presentation: an overview. In M. Cody & M. McLaughlin (Eds.), The Psychology of Tactical Communication (Monographs in Social Psychology of Language) (175-193). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Barry, C. T., Doucette, H., Loflin, D. C., Rivera-Hudson, N., & Herrington, L. L. (2015, June 29). “Let Me Take a Selfie”: Associations Between Self-Photography, Narcissism, and Self-Esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture. doi: 10.1037/ppm0000089
  • Birtchnell, S. A. (1988). Dysmorphophobia A Centenary Discussion. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 41-43.
  • Bozeman, D. P. & Kacmar, K. M. (1997). A Cybernetic Model of Impression Management Processes in Organisations. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 69(1), 9-30.
  • Buffardi, L. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1303-1314.
  • Burger, J. M. (2004). Kişilik: Psikoloji Biliminin İnsan Doğasına Dair Söyledikleri (İ.D. Erguvan Sarıoğlu, Trans.). İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Burgoon, M. & Ruffner, M. (1974). Human Communication. USA: Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Campbell, W. K., & Foster, J. D. (2007). The narcissistic self: Background, an extended agency model, and ongoing controversies. In C. Sedikides, & S. J. Spencer, (Eds.). The Self: Frontiers of Social Psychology (115-138). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Carpenter, C. J. (2012). Narcissism on Facebook: Self-promotional and anti-social behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(4), 482-486.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adölesanlarda Benlik Saygısı (Unpublished Dissertation). Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Demir, K. (2002). Türkiye’deki Resmi ve Özel Lise Öğretmenlerinin İzlenim Yönetimi (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis). Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
  • DifficuLty. (2014, September 7). Ben, şahsen, bizzat, kendim ve selfie’m: Hastayım bana [Online forum comment] Retrieved from http://www.hayatmmo.org/magazin-ampmoda/24924-ben-sahsen-bizzat-kendim-ve-selfie-m-hastayim-bana.html
  • Erten, Y. (2008). Kendilik Psikolojisi : Heinz Kohut ve Takipçileri. Retrieved from http://www.icgoru.com/content/view/43/2/
  • Ertürk (Özdemir) Y. D. (1990). Şizofrenik ve Major Depresif Hastaların Beden İmgelerinden Doyum Düzeyleri (Unpublished M.A. Thesis). Gazi University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Ertürk, Y. D. (2006). Bedenin İki Yansıması: Bedenle İletişim, İletişimde Beden. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 24, 103-116.
  • Ertürk, Y. D. (2013). Davranış Bilimleri. İstanbul: Kutup Yıldızı Yayıncılık.
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A Theory of Social Comparison Processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117- 140. doi: 10.1177/001872675400700202
  • Forest, A. L. & Wood, J. V. (2012). When social networking is not working individuals with low self-esteem recognize but do not reap the benefits of self-disclosure on Facebook. Psychological Science, 23(3), 295-302.
  • Gao, W., Qiu, L., Chiu, C. & Yang, Y. (2015). Diffusion of Opinions in a Complex Culture System: Implications for Emergence of Descriptive Norms. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(10), 1252–1259.
  • Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor Books, Doubleday & Company, Inc.
  • Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. New York: Anchor Books, Doubleday & Company, Inc.
  • Goffman, E. (1975). Frame Analysis: An Essay on Organization of Experience. UK: Penguin, Harmondsworth.
  • Goffman, E. (1982). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Penguin: London.
  • Hughes, M. (2000). Country Music as Impression Management: A Mediation on Fabricating Authenticity. Poetics, 28, 185-205.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, C. (2010, October 31). İlk Narsist ve Nergis Çiçeği [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://cankutkalaycioglu.blogspot.com.tr/2010/10/ilk-narsist-ve-nergiscicegi.html
  • Kohut, H. (1977). Restoration of the Self. New York: International University Press.
  • Köroğlu, E. (1994). DSM-IV: Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru Kitabı (E. Köroğlu, Trans.). Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği, Washington D.C.
  • Köroğlu, E. (2013). DSM V. Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru El Kitabı, İstanbul: HYB Yayıncılık.
  • Köroğlu, E. & Bayraktar, S. (2007). Kişilik Bozuklukları. Ankara: HYB Basım Yayın.
  • Leary, M. R. (1996). Self Presentation – Impression Management and Interpersonal Behaviour. Boulder, CO: Westview.
  • Leary, M. (1993). The Interplay of Private Self-Processes and Interpersonal Factors in SelfPresentation. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological Perspectives on the Self (127-156). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., & Zickuhr, K. (2010, February 3). Social media and mobile internet use among teens and young adults. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Social-Media-and-Young-Adults.aspx
  • Livingstone, S. (2008). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: Teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media and Society, 10, 393-411.
  • Lubgt, R. (2002). The Long Therm Impact of Destructively Narcissistic Managers. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 132-133.
  • Özakkaş, T. (2006). Narsistik ve Borderline Kişilik Bozuklukları. İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Park, N., Kee, K. F. & Valenzuela, S. (2009). Being immersed in social networking environment: Facebook groups, uses and gratifications, and social outcomes. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(6), 729-733.
  • Pastorino, E. E. & Doyle-Portillo, S. M. (2013). What is Psychology? Essentials. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
  • Pelled, L. H., Eisenhardt, K. M. & Xin, K. R. (1999). Exploring the black box: An analysis of work group diversity, conflict, and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 1-28.
  • Qiu, L., Lu, J., Yang, S., Qu, W., & Zhu, T. (2015). What Does Your Selfie Say about You? Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 443–449.
  • Traci, S., (2001). Should We Call Them Human? Narcissistic Personality Disorder And CoMorbid Diagnoses. Gale Encyclopedia Of Psychology, in Association With The Gale Group And Looksmart.
  • Rapier, M. L. (2005). An Interview Study Of Narcissistic Executives: Piercing The Corporate Veil of Narcissism In The Workplace (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, USA.
  • Rhodewalt, F., Tragakis, M. W. & Finnerty J. (2006). Narcissism and Self-Handicapping: Linking Self- Aggrandizement To Behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(5), 573–597.
  • Rozenblatt, S. (2002). In Defence of Self: The relationship of Self- Esteem and Narcissim to Aggressive Behavior (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). Long Island University Department of Psychology: USA.
  • Rogers, C. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A Study of a Science Vol. 3: Formulations of the Person and the Social Context. New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Rosenberg (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Selfie Syndrome How Social Media is Making Us Narcissistic. (2014, November 24). Retrieved from The Best Computer Science Schools http://www.bestcomputerscienceschools.net/selfies/
  • Soncu A. G. & Tam M. S. (2015). Sosyal Medyada Izlenimi Yönetme: Selfie (Özçekim) Uluslararası Hakemli İletişim ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9, 88-111. doi: 10.17361/Uhive.2015914940
  • Sorokowska, A., Oleszkiewicz, A., Frackowiak, T., Pisanski, K., Chmiel, A. & Sorokowski, P. (2016). Selfies and personality: Who posts self-portrait photographs? Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 119-123.
  • Xin, K. R., (1997). Asian American Manegers: An Impression Gap? Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 33(3), 335-355.
  • Vazire, S., Naumann, L. P., Rentfrow, P. J., & Gosling, S. D. (2008). Portrait of a narcissist: Manifestations of narcissism in physical appearance. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1439-1447.
  • Wallace, H. M. ve Baumeister, R. F. (2002), The Performence of Narcissists Rises and Falls With Percieved Opportunity For Glory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 831.
  • Walther, J. (2007). Selective self-presentation in computer-mediated communication: Hyperpersonal dimensions of technology, language, and cognition. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 2538– 2557.
  • Yıldırım, E. (2014). Sosyal Medya Psikolojisi ve Dijital Yerliler. Retrieved from http://sdplatform.com/Images/Filemanager/SD_31.pdf

Analysis of The Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Levels of Narcissism Through Selfies of Instagram Users

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 24, 29 - 50, 01.07.2016
https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2016.3.002.x

Öz

When the concept of a narcissistic personality is analyzed, it is defined as an individual who admires his or her own physical and psychological characteristics and likes her/himself excessively. We separate ourselves from others and form a private sphere for ourselves through the notion of ‘self’ which develops in the process of communication. All of the thoughts and senses related to one’s self are included in the notion of self. Self-esteem is defined as an individual who considers him/herself worthy, effective and successful. According to Goffman’s theory of self-presentation, strangers get to know each other by conducting particular information about themselves mutually, and acquire certain impressions about each other. Within the scope of this article, the question of “Is social media one of the methods to express narcissism?” shall be asked when the idea of self and narcissism are discussed - using a frame of social network usage habits. The results of a scale of online narcissism and self-esteem and their relationship to content shall also be examined. The aim is to reveal the connection between selfies, self-esteem and narcissistic characteristics of the social media user’s Instagram profiles in Turkey and to examine the relationship between self-esteem and narcissism levels of Instagram users from social media as a social presentation space where the person presents her or himself. The SPSS package program is used in the data analysis to determine the relationship between narcissism and self-esteem, as is “Pearson Correlation” analysis. At the end of the study, a positive intermediate level relationship was found in the scores between the narcissism and self-esteem of the Instagram users who share selfies. The study concludes that high self-esteem has brought an increase in narcissism, and this increase has been revealed as a self-presentation through selfie. bir sosyal sunum ortamı olarak sosyal medya mecralarından instagram kullanıcılarının benlik saygisi ve narsisizm düzeyi arasindaki ilişkin incelenmesidir. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde SPSS paket programı kullanılmış, narsisizm ile benlik saygısı arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek için ‘’Pearson Korelasyon’’ analizi uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda, selfie paylaşımında bulunan instagram kullanıcılarının narsisizm skorları ve benlik saygıları arasında olumlu yönde orta düzeyde bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Yüksek benlik saygısı narsizmde yükselmeyi beraberinde getirmiş ve bu yükselme selfie çekim ile kendini sunma olarak ortaya konmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association Makes It Offical: ‘Selfie’ A Mental Disorder. (2014, March 31). The Adobo Chronicles. Retrieved from http://adobochronicles.com/2014/03/31/american-psychiatric-association-makes-itofficial-selfie-a-mental-disorder/
  • Ames, D. R., Rose, P. & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissim. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 440-450.
  • Araz, A. (1998). Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından Benlik Sunumu (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis). Ege University Institute of Social Sciences, İzmir, Turkey.
  • Atay, S. (2009). Narsist Kişilik Envanterinin Türkçeye Standardizasyonu. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 181-196.
  • Arkin, R. & Shepperd, J. (1990). Strategic self-presentation: an overview. In M. Cody & M. McLaughlin (Eds.), The Psychology of Tactical Communication (Monographs in Social Psychology of Language) (175-193). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Barry, C. T., Doucette, H., Loflin, D. C., Rivera-Hudson, N., & Herrington, L. L. (2015, June 29). “Let Me Take a Selfie”: Associations Between Self-Photography, Narcissism, and Self-Esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture. doi: 10.1037/ppm0000089
  • Birtchnell, S. A. (1988). Dysmorphophobia A Centenary Discussion. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 41-43.
  • Bozeman, D. P. & Kacmar, K. M. (1997). A Cybernetic Model of Impression Management Processes in Organisations. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 69(1), 9-30.
  • Buffardi, L. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1303-1314.
  • Burger, J. M. (2004). Kişilik: Psikoloji Biliminin İnsan Doğasına Dair Söyledikleri (İ.D. Erguvan Sarıoğlu, Trans.). İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Burgoon, M. & Ruffner, M. (1974). Human Communication. USA: Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Campbell, W. K., & Foster, J. D. (2007). The narcissistic self: Background, an extended agency model, and ongoing controversies. In C. Sedikides, & S. J. Spencer, (Eds.). The Self: Frontiers of Social Psychology (115-138). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Carpenter, C. J. (2012). Narcissism on Facebook: Self-promotional and anti-social behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(4), 482-486.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adölesanlarda Benlik Saygısı (Unpublished Dissertation). Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Demir, K. (2002). Türkiye’deki Resmi ve Özel Lise Öğretmenlerinin İzlenim Yönetimi (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis). Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
  • DifficuLty. (2014, September 7). Ben, şahsen, bizzat, kendim ve selfie’m: Hastayım bana [Online forum comment] Retrieved from http://www.hayatmmo.org/magazin-ampmoda/24924-ben-sahsen-bizzat-kendim-ve-selfie-m-hastayim-bana.html
  • Erten, Y. (2008). Kendilik Psikolojisi : Heinz Kohut ve Takipçileri. Retrieved from http://www.icgoru.com/content/view/43/2/
  • Ertürk (Özdemir) Y. D. (1990). Şizofrenik ve Major Depresif Hastaların Beden İmgelerinden Doyum Düzeyleri (Unpublished M.A. Thesis). Gazi University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Ertürk, Y. D. (2006). Bedenin İki Yansıması: Bedenle İletişim, İletişimde Beden. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 24, 103-116.
  • Ertürk, Y. D. (2013). Davranış Bilimleri. İstanbul: Kutup Yıldızı Yayıncılık.
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A Theory of Social Comparison Processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117- 140. doi: 10.1177/001872675400700202
  • Forest, A. L. & Wood, J. V. (2012). When social networking is not working individuals with low self-esteem recognize but do not reap the benefits of self-disclosure on Facebook. Psychological Science, 23(3), 295-302.
  • Gao, W., Qiu, L., Chiu, C. & Yang, Y. (2015). Diffusion of Opinions in a Complex Culture System: Implications for Emergence of Descriptive Norms. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(10), 1252–1259.
  • Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor Books, Doubleday & Company, Inc.
  • Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. New York: Anchor Books, Doubleday & Company, Inc.
  • Goffman, E. (1975). Frame Analysis: An Essay on Organization of Experience. UK: Penguin, Harmondsworth.
  • Goffman, E. (1982). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Penguin: London.
  • Hughes, M. (2000). Country Music as Impression Management: A Mediation on Fabricating Authenticity. Poetics, 28, 185-205.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, C. (2010, October 31). İlk Narsist ve Nergis Çiçeği [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://cankutkalaycioglu.blogspot.com.tr/2010/10/ilk-narsist-ve-nergiscicegi.html
  • Kohut, H. (1977). Restoration of the Self. New York: International University Press.
  • Köroğlu, E. (1994). DSM-IV: Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru Kitabı (E. Köroğlu, Trans.). Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği, Washington D.C.
  • Köroğlu, E. (2013). DSM V. Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru El Kitabı, İstanbul: HYB Yayıncılık.
  • Köroğlu, E. & Bayraktar, S. (2007). Kişilik Bozuklukları. Ankara: HYB Basım Yayın.
  • Leary, M. R. (1996). Self Presentation – Impression Management and Interpersonal Behaviour. Boulder, CO: Westview.
  • Leary, M. (1993). The Interplay of Private Self-Processes and Interpersonal Factors in SelfPresentation. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological Perspectives on the Self (127-156). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., & Zickuhr, K. (2010, February 3). Social media and mobile internet use among teens and young adults. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Social-Media-and-Young-Adults.aspx
  • Livingstone, S. (2008). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: Teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media and Society, 10, 393-411.
  • Lubgt, R. (2002). The Long Therm Impact of Destructively Narcissistic Managers. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 132-133.
  • Özakkaş, T. (2006). Narsistik ve Borderline Kişilik Bozuklukları. İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Park, N., Kee, K. F. & Valenzuela, S. (2009). Being immersed in social networking environment: Facebook groups, uses and gratifications, and social outcomes. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(6), 729-733.
  • Pastorino, E. E. & Doyle-Portillo, S. M. (2013). What is Psychology? Essentials. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
  • Pelled, L. H., Eisenhardt, K. M. & Xin, K. R. (1999). Exploring the black box: An analysis of work group diversity, conflict, and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 1-28.
  • Qiu, L., Lu, J., Yang, S., Qu, W., & Zhu, T. (2015). What Does Your Selfie Say about You? Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 443–449.
  • Traci, S., (2001). Should We Call Them Human? Narcissistic Personality Disorder And CoMorbid Diagnoses. Gale Encyclopedia Of Psychology, in Association With The Gale Group And Looksmart.
  • Rapier, M. L. (2005). An Interview Study Of Narcissistic Executives: Piercing The Corporate Veil of Narcissism In The Workplace (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, USA.
  • Rhodewalt, F., Tragakis, M. W. & Finnerty J. (2006). Narcissism and Self-Handicapping: Linking Self- Aggrandizement To Behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(5), 573–597.
  • Rozenblatt, S. (2002). In Defence of Self: The relationship of Self- Esteem and Narcissim to Aggressive Behavior (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). Long Island University Department of Psychology: USA.
  • Rogers, C. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A Study of a Science Vol. 3: Formulations of the Person and the Social Context. New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Rosenberg (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Selfie Syndrome How Social Media is Making Us Narcissistic. (2014, November 24). Retrieved from The Best Computer Science Schools http://www.bestcomputerscienceschools.net/selfies/
  • Soncu A. G. & Tam M. S. (2015). Sosyal Medyada Izlenimi Yönetme: Selfie (Özçekim) Uluslararası Hakemli İletişim ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9, 88-111. doi: 10.17361/Uhive.2015914940
  • Sorokowska, A., Oleszkiewicz, A., Frackowiak, T., Pisanski, K., Chmiel, A. & Sorokowski, P. (2016). Selfies and personality: Who posts self-portrait photographs? Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 119-123.
  • Xin, K. R., (1997). Asian American Manegers: An Impression Gap? Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 33(3), 335-355.
  • Vazire, S., Naumann, L. P., Rentfrow, P. J., & Gosling, S. D. (2008). Portrait of a narcissist: Manifestations of narcissism in physical appearance. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1439-1447.
  • Wallace, H. M. ve Baumeister, R. F. (2002), The Performence of Narcissists Rises and Falls With Percieved Opportunity For Glory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 831.
  • Walther, J. (2007). Selective self-presentation in computer-mediated communication: Hyperpersonal dimensions of technology, language, and cognition. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 2538– 2557.
  • Yıldırım, E. (2014). Sosyal Medya Psikolojisi ve Dijital Yerliler. Retrieved from http://sdplatform.com/Images/Filemanager/SD_31.pdf
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Yıldız Dilek Ertürk Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 24

Kaynak Göster

APA Ertürk, Y. D. (2016). Analysis of The Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Levels of Narcissism Through Selfies of Instagram Users. AJIT-E: Academic Journal of Information Technology, 7(24), 29-50. https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2016.3.002.x